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Internal Receptors

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...

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Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Published on: September 21, 2011

Functional Studies on Steroid Receptors.

Simon Schlanger¹, Hannelore V Heemers^2,3,4

¹Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|May 23, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Prostate cancer progression involves altered androgen receptor (AR) coregulators. Modulating these AR-associated proteins with small molecules offers a potential therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.

Keywords:

Androgen receptor Coregulatory proteins Prostate cancer progression Transcriptional complexes

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Published on: July 20, 2022

Area of Science:

Oncology
Molecular Biology
Endocrinology

Background:

Nuclear receptors are crucial in prostate cancer.
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key transcription factor regulating cellular events.
AR-associated coregulators can be up- or down-regulated in prostate cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of AR-associated coregulators in prostate cancer.
To explore the potential of modulating AR-associated proteins for cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

Gene silencing and overexpression techniques.
Hormonal treatment.
Real-time RT-PCR and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays.

Main Results:

Altered expression of AR-associated regulators may enhance androgen-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion.
Investigated expression and function of AR-associated proteins.

Conclusions:

AR-associated coregulators are implicated in prostate cancer development.
Targeting AR-associated proteins with small molecule inhibitors presents a promising therapeutic avenue for prostate cancer.