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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
Psychodynamic theorists argue that unconscious...
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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Related Experiment Video

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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Provider Perspectives on Topical Analgesics.

Michael A Smith, Katherine Cho, Phillip Rodgers

    Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy
    |May 23, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Topical analgesics offer an alternative to systemic pain relief, but prescribers lack guidance. Lidocaine is the most common topical analgesic, though prescribing patterns and reasons for use vary.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Pain Management
    • Medical Practice

    Background:

    • Topical analgesics provide an alternative to systemic pain management, potentially reducing adverse drug effects.
    • Current practice guidelines offer limited direction on the appropriate use of topical analgesics.
    • Prescribing patterns for topical analgesics remain largely uncharacterized.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore provider perceptions and prescription patterns of topical analgesics.
    • To identify knowledge gaps regarding the use of topical analgesics in clinical practice.
    • To understand the factors influencing topical analgesic prescribing at a major academic medical center.

    Main Methods:

    • An electronic survey was administered to healthcare providers at a large academic medical center.
    Keywords:
    NSAIDslidocainemorphinetopical analgesics

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  • The survey assessed provider perceptions, prescribing habits, and reasons for using topical analgesics.
  • Data on the frequency of prescribing different topical analgesic agents were collected.

    • Main Results:

    • Lidocaine was the most frequently prescribed topical analgesic (78%), followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; 41%) and morphine (3%).
    • Prescription patterns, including formulations and indications, differed between faculty physicians and non-faculty providers.
    • Prescribers primarily relied on anecdotal experience when choosing topical agents.

    Conclusions:

    • There is a need for additional topical analgesic options for pain management.
    • Clearer guidance and evidence-based practice recommendations are required for the appropriate prescribing of topical analgesics.
    • Further research is needed to understand and optimize the use of topical analgesics in pain care.