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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
Published on: August 12, 2013
Lithium batteries: A technological advance with unintended injury consequences
Tina L Palmieri1, Jay Yelon, David Shapiro
1From the Department of Surgery, University of California Davis and Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California (T.L.P.); Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York (J.Y.); Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura, California (T.D.); Department of Surgery, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut (D.S.); and Department of Surgery, University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada (D.K.).
Abstract:
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have been powering portable electronic equipment since the mid-1990s. Today, they are ubiquitous in portable electronics, with more than four billion manufactured each year. However, Li-ion batteries are also associated with a spectrum of injuries related to the type of device as well as the person using the device. These injuries range from cutaneous injuries due to flame burns and explosions to corrosion injuries from ingestion. This article describes how the composition of Li-ion batteries can cause injury, the types and extent of Li-ion battery-related injuries, and suggests strategies for prevention.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Extraction: Advanced Methods

