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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
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Esters can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. Base-promoted hydrolysis of esters is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which esters react with an aqueous base, followed by an acid to give carboxylic acids. This reaction is also known as saponification because it forms the basis for making soaps from fats.
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Naming Acid Halides
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Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.
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Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester improves endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice.

Yasuhiro Takenouchi1,2, Kazuo Ohtake3, Koji Nobe4

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan. takenouchi@med.kawasaki-m.ac.jp.

Lipids in Health and Disease
|May 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester improved aortic endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mice by acting directly on blood vessels. This omega-3 fatty acid treatment prevented impaired relaxation, offering potential benefits for cardiovascular health in diabetes.

Keywords:
DiabetesEicosapentaenoic acidEndotheliumThoracic aorta

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) possesses known anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Limited research exists on EPA's impact on endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and direct aortic effects.
  • This study addresses the effects of EPA on impaired aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation in a type 2 diabetes mouse model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) on endothelial dysfunction in the aorta of KKAy mice, a model for type 2 diabetes.
  • To determine if EPA-E administration improves vascular function in diabetic mice.
  • To examine the direct vascular actions of EPA-E and its metabolites on aortic rings.

Main Methods:

  • Type 2 diabetes was induced in male KKAy mice using a high-fat (HF) diet for 8 weeks.
  • Mice were divided into two groups: one fed a HF diet, the other a HF diet with EPA-E (10 mg/day) for 4 weeks.
  • Vascular reactivity of aortic rings was assessed using an organ bath; direct effects of EPA-E metabolites were also studied in C57BL/6J mice aortas.

Main Results:

  • EPA-E administration significantly reduced total cholesterol levels in diabetic mice, without altering plasma glucose or insulin.
  • Diabetic mice aortas showed impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh), which was restored to control levels by EPA-E treatment.
  • Endothelium-independent relaxation and phenylephrine-induced contraction were not significantly affected by EPA-E. EPA metabolites induced vasodilation directly in aortic rings.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic EPA-E administration effectively prevented the development of endothelial dysfunction in KKAy diabetic mice.
  • The beneficial effects appear to be partly mediated by the direct action of EPA-E metabolites on aortic vascular smooth muscle.
  • EPA-E shows promise in managing vascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes.