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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution.

James Hadfield1, Colin Megill1, Sidney M Bell1,2

  • 1Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Nextstrain provides a real-time view of pathogen evolution and spread using genomic data. This open-source platform aids public health professionals in tracking viral pathogens effectively.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Virology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Understanding pathogen spread and evolution is crucial for public health surveillance.
  • Real-time data on viral pathogens informs effective control measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a real-time view into the evolution and spread of viral pathogens.
  • To integrate diverse data types for comprehensive pathogen analysis.
  • To create an accessible resource for health professionals and researchers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a database of viral genomes.
  • Employing a bioinformatics pipeline for phylodynamics analysis.
  • Developing an interactive visualization platform.

Main Results:

  • Nextstrain offers a dynamic, integrated platform for pathogen surveillance.
  • The system visualizes pathogen evolution, spread, and related data in real-time.
  • It compiles current understanding into a single, accessible location.

Conclusions:

  • Nextstrain enhances public health by providing accessible, real-time insights into pathogen dynamics.
  • The platform supports collaboration among epidemiologists, virologists, and public health officials.
  • Open access to data and code promotes transparency and further research.