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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Introduction to Connective Tissues01:11

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Connective tissues are one of the four main tissue types in humans that are extensively present in the body. They are characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of a ground substance and three main types of protein fibers— collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The ground substance of connective tissues can range from a watery and jelly-like consistency to mineralized and hard. The wide variety of cells in the connective tissues include fibroblasts,...
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The connective tissues have different properties and functions in the human body. They are broadly categorized into proper, supporting, or fluid connective tissues.
Connective Tissue Proper
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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
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Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than loose connective tissue. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. There are two major categories of dense connective tissue— regular and irregular.
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Connective tissues perform a broad range of functions in the body. Their primary function is to connect and link different tissues in the body and act as packaging material between tissues. The areolar tissue, a connective tissue prototype, commonly cements various tissue types in diverse body organs. In contrast, adipose tissue cushions internal organs while insulating the body from heat loss.
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t-GRASP, a targeted GRASP for assessing neuronal connectivity.

Harold K Shearin1, Casey D Quinn1, Robert D Mackin1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.

Journal of Neuroscience Methods
|May 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new method called targeted GFP Reconstitution Across Synaptic Partners (t-GRASP) enhances synaptic specificity in Drosophila neurons. This technique offers greater flexibility for mapping neural connections compared to existing methods.

Keywords:
DrosophilaGreen fluorescent proteinLaminaPhotoreceptorSynapseVentral nerve cord

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Understanding neural circuits requires mapping synaptic connections.
  • Current methods like electron microscopy are labor-intensive.
  • Need for alternative methods to map synaptic connections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and describe a novel targeted GFP Reconstitution Across Synaptic Partners (t-GRASP) method.
  • To enhance the specificity of GRASP signal to synaptic regions.
  • To assess neural connectivity in Drosophila.

Main Methods:

  • Development of targeted GRASP (t-GRASP) by testing various pre- and post-synaptic proteins.
  • Pairing targeted pre- and post-t-GRASP constructs.
  • Utilizing Drosophila binary transcription systems for t-GRASP expression.

Main Results:

  • t-GRASP demonstrated strong preferential GRASP signal in synaptic regions.
  • Minimal false-positive signals were observed in Drosophila neurons.
  • Activity-independent t-GRASP showed enhanced specificity compared to existing methods.

Conclusions:

  • t-GRASP is a novel method for assessing synaptic connectivity in Drosophila.
  • The method offers enhanced specificity for synaptic sites.
  • Flexibility with Drosophila transcription systems expands GRASP's utility.