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Morph-specific artificial selection reveals a constraint on the evolution of polyphenisms.

Bruno A Buzatto1,2, Huon L Clark3, Joseph L Tomkins3

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Polyphenic variation evolves even when male morphs and sexes are genetically linked. This study on bulb mites shows that selection on one male morph impacts others, challenging theories of independent evolution for plastic traits.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Polyphenic variation, where a single genotype produces distinct phenotypes, is thought to evolve best with independent genetic pathways for each morph.
  • The assumption of genetic independence for plastic morphs has not been empirically tested.
  • The bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus echinopus, exhibits distinct male morphs (fighter and scrambler) with sex-based phenotypic differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlated evolution between sexes and male morphs in Rhizoglyphus echinopus.
  • To test the hypothesis that developmentally plastic morphs can evolve independently.
  • To assess the necessity of genetic independence for the evolution of extreme phenotypic plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Morph-specific artificial selection was applied to the relative leg width of the fighter male morph.
  • Evolutionary responses were tracked in the selected fighter morph.
  • Correlated evolutionary responses were measured in the non-selected scrambler male morph and females.

Main Results:

  • Fighter males showed divergence in relative leg thickness after six generations of selection.
  • Correlated evolutionary responses in relative leg width were observed in both scrambler males and females by the ninth generation.
  • Evidence suggests genetic linkage between morphs and sexes, contrary to predictions of independent evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Intraspecific phenotypic diversity can evolve despite correlated evolution between morphs and sexes.
  • The study challenges the necessity of genetic independence for traits with extreme phenotypic plasticity.
  • The findings question the assumption that male morphs must be genetically uncoupled to evolve freely towards their optima.