Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 10, 2026
08:07
Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
Published on: November 23, 2019
11.8K
Sex and Age Differences in Trail Half Marathon Running
James W Navalta1, Jeffrey Montes1, Elizabeth A Tanner1
1Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA.
International Journal of Exercise Science
|May 26, 2018
Summary
Trail running shows smaller sex velocity differences than road racing, with more female finishers across most age groups. This suggests trail environments may reduce typical sex disparities in running performance.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Exercise Physiology
- Trail Running Performance
Background:
- Growing female participation in trail running races.
- Existing research indicates widening sex differences in road running performance.
- Need to understand how trail running environments impact sex-based performance disparities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate sex and age differences in top finishers of a trail running half marathon.
- To compare velocity differences between male and female top finishers across age categories.
- To analyze the number of male and female finishers by age group.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of top 10 finishers from the Moab Trail Half Marathon (2012-2015).
- Calculation of running velocity differences between males and females across age categories.
- Statistical analysis using ANOVA to determine significant differences (P < 0.05).
Main Results:
- Significant velocity differences between sexes were observed in all age categories (P < 0.0001).
- Sex differences in trail running velocity were consistent (~13%) across most ages, except the oldest group (33%).
- Female finishers significantly outnumbered male finishers in younger age categories (20-49 years).
Conclusions:
- Trail running environments appear to ameliorate the widening sex differences seen in road races.
- Higher female participation in trail running contributes to reduced observed sex-based performance gaps.
- Trail running may offer a more equitable competitive landscape for female athletes compared to road running.
Related Concept Videos
01:17Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test II
560
The Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, commonly referred to as the runs test, is a nonparametric test used to assess the randomness of ordered data. The test evaluates the number of runs, which are consecutive sequences of similar elements within the data. If the number of runs is significantly higher or lower than expected, the data is considered non-random, indicating a detectable pattern or structure.
For binary data, runs are identified using symbols such as + and −, or equivalently, 1s and 0s. In...
For binary data, runs are identified using symbols such as + and −, or equivalently, 1s and 0s. In...
560
01:43Sex-linked Disorders
109.1K
Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
109.1K
01:17Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test I
970
The Wald-Wolfowitz test, also known as the runs test, is a nonparametric statistical test used to assess the randomness of a sequence of two different types of elements (e.g., positive/negative values, successes/failures). It examines whether the order of the elements in a sequence is random or if there is a pattern or trend present. This nonparametric test applies to any ordered data despite the population and sample data distribution, even if a higher sample size is available.
The test works...
The test works...
970
01:26Aging
750
Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
750
01:16Electric Potential and Potential Difference
5.8K
Suppose a positive test charge moves away from a positive static charge, then the Coulomb force does positive work, and its electric potential energy decreases. The potential energy per unit charge is defined as the electric potential. The electric potential is independent of the test charge.
When a test charge moves from the initial to the final position, the electric potential difference between those positions is defined as the ratio of the change in the potential energy to the charge on the...
When a test charge moves from the initial to the final position, the electric potential difference between those positions is defined as the ratio of the change in the potential energy to the charge on the...
5.8K
01:05Difference from Background: Limit of Detection
8.4K
The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...
8.4K