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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.5K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

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The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...
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Factors Influencing Heart Rate01:30

Factors Influencing Heart Rate

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The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography
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Linear Phase Sharp Transition BPF to Detect Noninvasive Maternal and Fetal Heart Rate.

Niyan Marchon1, Gourish Naik2, K R Pai1

  • 1Padre Conceicao College of Engineering, Goa, India.

Journal of Healthcare Engineering
|May 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an improved noninvasive method for fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring using a novel filter design. The technique enhances fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) detection accuracy, ensuring better fetal well-being assessment without invasive risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiology
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is crucial for assessing fetal well-being.
  • Invasive fetal scalp electrode recording poses risks, necessitating reliable noninvasive methods.
  • Accurate fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) extraction from maternal signals is challenging due to overlapping spectra.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a noninvasive technique for accurate FHR detection using advanced signal processing.
  • To improve the performance of fetal QRS (FQRS) detection algorithms.
  • To minimize maternal electrocardiogram (MECG) interference and power line noise.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a variable order linear phase sharp transition (LPST) FIR band-pass filter for FECG signal processing.
  • Optimized filter band edges to minimize MECG spectrum overlap and power line interference.
  • Evaluated the performance of the fetal QRS detector (FQRS) and maternal QRS detector (MQRS) algorithms.

Main Results:

  • The proposed filtering technique significantly improved FQRS detection sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy (F1 score).
  • The algorithm achieved fetal heart rate (FHR) results in close agreement with invasive fetal scalp ECG.
  • The method also yielded satisfactory maternal heart rate (MHR) detection.

Conclusions:

  • The developed noninvasive FECG filtering technique offers a safe and accurate alternative to invasive monitoring.
  • Improved filtering enhances the reliability of FHR monitoring for fetal well-being assessment.
  • The technique shows potential for widespread clinical application in obstetrics.