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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Overview of Pulmonary Circulation01:19

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The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
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Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation01:15

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The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. The process begins with pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart, specifically to the left atrium, via the pulmonary veins.
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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
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DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Detection and Monitoring of Tumor Associated Circulating DNA in Patient Biofluids
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Detection and Monitoring of Tumor Associated Circulating DNA in Patient Biofluids

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Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA.

Sridurga Mithraprabhu1,2, Andrew Spencer3,4,5

  • 1Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Alfred Hospital-Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|May 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis offers a novel way to study multiple myeloma (MM) genetics and treatment effectiveness. This method extracts and analyzes ctDNA from patient blood plasma for precise monitoring.

Keywords:
Cell-free DNACirculating cell-free nucleic acidsCirculating tumor DNADroplet digital PCRLiquid biopsyMultiple myelomaPeripheral blood plasma

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Micromanipulation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Downstream Molecular Analysis and Metastatic Potential Assessment
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Characterization of Tumor Cells Using a Medical Wire for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells: A 3D Approach Based on Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH
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Characterization of Tumor Cells Using a Medical Wire for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells: A 3D Approach Based on Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH
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Characterization of Tumor Cells Using a Medical Wire for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells: A 3D Approach Based on Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is a complex plasma cell malignancy characterized by genetic and spatial heterogeneity.
  • Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in bodily fluids contains DNA from both tumor and normal cells.
  • The presence of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in MM patients has been recently established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the methodology for extracting and analyzing ctDNA in multiple myeloma.
  • To enable longitudinal monitoring of specific mutations in MM patients' ctDNA.
  • To support the growing use of ctDNA analysis in characterizing MM and its treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from peripheral blood plasma of multiple myeloma (MM) patients.
  • Longitudinal analysis of specific mutations identified within the ctDNA fraction.
  • Utilizing established protocols for routine ctDNA analysis in a clinical setting.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of the feasibility of ctDNA extraction and analysis in MM.
  • Establishment of a methodology for tracking genetic changes over time.
  • Validation of ctDNA as a source for monitoring therapeutic efficacy in MM.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis is a viable and powerful tool for multiple myeloma research.
  • The described methodology facilitates routine ctDNA analysis for personalized patient monitoring.
  • ctDNA analysis holds significant promise for advancing the understanding and treatment of MM.