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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

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Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...
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Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:23

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Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
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Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

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The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+....
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Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic01:15

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Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
There are two types of nicotinic receptors: neuromuscular (NM/NM/N1) and neuronal (NN/NN/N2). The two families differ based on their location and selectivity to...
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

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Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions01:28

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

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Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
Gastrointestinal Effects: Antimuscarinics reduce gut contractions, increase gastric emptying, and slow intestinal transit. They partly inhibit gastric acid secretion...
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Cholinergic modulation of striatal microcircuits.

Nilupaer Abudukeyoumu1, Teresa Hernandez-Flores1, Marianela Garcia-Munoz1

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The European Journal of Neuroscience
|May 26, 2018
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Striatal cholinergic interneurons are key modulators of brain circuits, influencing neuronal interactions and synaptic plasticity. This review integrates new tools to explore their function in health and neurological disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Biology
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cholinergic interneurons are the primary source of acetylcholine in the striatum.
  • These interneurons extensively innervate local circuits, suggesting a crucial role in modulating striatal microcircuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To bridge existing literature on striatal cholinergic interneurons with new findings on microcircuit interactions.
  • To explore the functional properties and modulatory roles of these interneurons.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature utilizing advanced tools to study neuronal interactions.
  • Analysis of intrastriatal and extrastriatal afferent effects on cholinergic interneurons.
  • Examination of receptor activation (muscarinic and nicotinic) and transmitter corelease.

Main Results:

  • Cholinergic interneurons influence medium spiny neurons and other interneurons.
  • Activation of pre- and postsynaptic receptors modulates neuronal interactions.
  • Evidence suggests roles in striosome and matrix compartments and acetylcholine-mediated synaptic plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Cholinergic interneurons play significant roles in normal striatal physiology.
  • Dysfunction of these interneurons is implicated in neurological disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's disease.