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Exploring the Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheet on The Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vivo

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Deconstructing the King megafire.

Janice L Coen¹, E Natasha Stavros², Josephine A Fites-Kaufman³

¹National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado, 80307, USA.

Ecological Applications : a Publication of the Ecological Society of America

|May 26, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Megafires are driven by fire-induced winds, not just drought or fuel. Understanding these internal dynamics is key to predicting extreme fire events and focusing fuel treatments effectively.

Keywords:

LiDAR coupled atmosphere-fire model fire behavior fire model multiple plumes numerical weather prediction pyrocumulus wildfire wildland fire

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Area of Science:

Wildland fire science
Atmospheric science
Forest ecology

Background:

Megafires are a growing concern, with policy often attributing them to climate (drought) or fuel accumulation from fire exclusion.
The physical basis for these hypotheses and their impact on fire behavior remains largely untested.
Existing operational models may underestimate megafire events by not accounting for fire-induced winds.

Purpose of the Study:

To deconstruct a specific megafire (King Fire) using advanced modeling and airborne observations.
To separate and quantify the relative impacts of forest structure, fuel load, weather, and drought on fire size, behavior, and duration.
To test hypotheses regarding the drivers of megafire events and inform future fire management strategies.

Main Methods:

Utilized unique airborne observations and microscale simulations with a coupled weather-wildland-fire-behavior model.
Reconstructed the King Fire event, analyzing fire-induced winds and fine-scale airflow.
Conducted sensitivity tests varying fuel moisture and amount, and compared fuel models derived from remote sensing versus standard data.

Main Results:

Fire-induced winds, equaling or exceeding ambient winds, were the primary drivers of rapid fire growth and size.
Drought and fuel accumulation were secondary factors, mainly significant on sloped terrain where they compounded.
Fuel models incorporating vegetation type and forest structure improved fire progression and burn severity simulations, especially in disturbed areas.

Conclusions:

Self-reinforcing internal fire dynamics, particularly fire-induced winds, are critical in generating megafire events, rather than solely external conditions.
Extreme fire events do not necessarily require extreme environmental conditions.
Fuel treatments should be strategically focused on sloped terrain for maximum impact, and operational models need to incorporate fire-induced winds for accurate megafire prediction.