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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

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Published on: January 7, 2020
A new music therapy engagement scale for persons with dementia
Jane Tan1, Shiou-Liang Wee2, Pei Shi Yeo2
1Khoo Teck Puat Hospital,National Healthcare Group,Singapore.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTObjectives:To develop and validate a new scale to assess music therapy engagement in persons with dementia (PWDs).
Design:
A draft scale was derived from literature review and >2 years of qualitative recording of PWDs during music therapy. Content validity was attained through iterative consultations, trial sessions, and revisions. The final five-item Music Therapy Engagement scale for Dementia (MTED) assessed music and non-music related elements. Internal consistency and inter-rater reliability were assessed over 120 music therapy sessions. MTED was validated with the Greater Cincinnati Chapter Well-being Observation Tool, Holden Communication Scale, and Participant Engagement Observation Checklist - Music Sessions.
Setting And Participants:
A total of 62 PWDs (83.2 ± 7.7 years, modified version of the mini-mental state examination = 13.2/30 ± 4.1) in an acute hospital dementia unit were involved.
Results:
The mean MTED score was 13.02/30 ± 4.27; internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.87) and inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation = 0.96) were good. Principal component analysis revealed a one-factor structure with Eigen value > 1 (3.27), which explained 65.4% of the variance. MTED demonstrated good construct validity. The MTED total score correlated strongly with the combined items comprising Pleasure, Interest, Sadness, and Sustained attention of the Greater Cincinnati Chapter Well-being Observation Tool (rs = 0.88, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
MTED is a clinically appropriate and psychometrically valid scale to evaluate music therapy engagement in PWDs.
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