Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 10, 2026

In vivo Imaging of Deep Cortical Layers using a Microprism
Published on: August 27, 2009
Specialized Subpopulations of Deep-Layer Pyramidal Neurons in the Neocortex: Bridging Cellular Properties to
Arielle Baker1, Brian Kalmbach2,3, Mieko Morishima4
1Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.
Abstract:
Neocortical pyramidal neurons with somata in layers 5 and 6 are among the most visually striking and enigmatic neurons in the brain. These deep-layer pyramidal neurons (DLPNs) integrate a plethora of cortical and extracortical synaptic inputs along their impressive dendritic arbors. The pattern of cortical output to both local and long-distance targets is sculpted by the unique physiological properties of specific DLPN subpopulations. Here we revisit two broad DLPN subpopulations: those that send their axons within the telencephalon (intratelencephalic neurons) and those that project to additional target areas outside the telencephalon (extratelencephalic neurons). While neuroscientists across many subdisciplines have characterized the intrinsic and synaptic physiological properties of DLPN subpopulations, our increasing ability to selectively target and manipulate these output neuron subtypes advances our understanding of their distinct functional contributions. This Viewpoints article summarizes our current knowledge about DLPNs and highlights recent work elucidating the functional differences between DLPN subpopulations.
Related Concept Videos
Properties of Continuous Functions
Design Example: Strain Gauge Bridge or Wheatstone Bridge
Timing and Consequences on Behavior
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
Wheatstone Bridge
Thus, for accurate resistance measurements, a...
Bridge rectifier
Operationally, the bridge rectifier allows current flow through two of its diodes during each...
Cross-bridge Cycle

