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From DNA to Protein

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

Mechanical Protein Functions

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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.

Structural Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity. In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to...

Structural Protein Function

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DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

Published on: January 8, 2019

DNA-Functionalized, Bivalent Proteins.

Janet R McMillan¹, Chad A Mirkin¹

¹Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|May 26, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created novel DNA-protein conjugates that self-assemble into one-dimensional protein materials. This DNA-mediated assembly forms periodic wire-type superstructures with directional bonding.

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Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Identification of Functional Protein Regions Through Chimeric Protein Construction

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Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Published on: August 31, 2017

Area of Science:

Bioconjugation Chemistry
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Proteins can be functionalized with DNA to create self-assembling materials.
Achieving directional control in protein assembly is challenging with current methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize bivalent DNA conjugates of beta-galactosidase (βGal).
To demonstrate programmable access to one-dimensional protein materials using directional DNA bonding.
To engineer new classes of superstructures through controlled protein interactions.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of βGal protein functionalized with pairs of oligonucleotides.
Characterization using gel electrophoresis, cryo-transmission electron microscopy, and negative-stain transmission electron microscopy.
Melting experiments to analyze DNA duplex stability and binding modes.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized bivalent DNA-protein conjugates.
Demonstrated the formation of periodic, wire-type protein superstructures via DNA hybridization.
Observed narrowed and elevated melting transitions, confirming DNA-mediated binding and designed interactions.
Showcased directional DNA bonding with only two DNA modifications.

Conclusions:

Directional DNA bonding is achievable with minimal DNA modifications on proteins.
This approach enables the engineering of programmable one-dimensional protein materials.
Novel superstructures with controlled interactions can be realized, advancing self-assembly technologies.