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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Published on: January 9, 2016

Causal Modeling the Delayed-Choice Experiment.

Rafael Chaves¹, Gabriela Barreto Lemos¹, Jacques Pienaar¹

¹International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario, Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil.

Physical Review Letters

|May 26, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum mechanics

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Area of Science:

Quantum mechanics
Quantum information
Causal inference

Background:

Wave-particle duality is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics.
Delayed-choice experiments probe the nature of quantum reality.
Previous models struggled to fully explain these phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze delayed-choice experiments using device-independent causal models.
To investigate the compatibility of quantum predictions with classical causal models.
To explore loophole-free experimental implementations.

Main Methods:

Formulated delayed-choice experiments within a prepare-and-measure framework.
Applied device-independent causal models to analyze experimental setups.
Considered Wheeler's original delayed-choice proposal and its quantum control variant.

Main Results:

A simple classical causal model can reproduce quantum mechanical predictions for certain delayed-choice scenarios.
A variant of Wheeler's experiment yields statistics incompatible with nonretrocausal hidden variable models.
The proposed framework accommodates arbitrary losses and inefficiencies.

Conclusions:

Device-independent causal models offer a powerful lens for understanding quantum phenomena.
Quantum mechanics exhibits nonclassical correlations that cannot be explained by local hidden variables.
The findings pave the way for robust, loophole-free experimental tests of quantum foundations.