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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
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Nanomaterials for facilitating microbial extracellular electron transfer: Recent progress and challenges.

Peng Zhang1, Jia Liu1, Youpeng Qu2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|May 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This review explores how nanomaterials enhance microbial extracellular electron transfer (EET). These advanced materials, including carbon nanotubes and graphene, show great promise for future EET applications.

Keywords:
Extracellular electron transferInside-biofilmInside-membraneInterfaceInterspecieNanomaterials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Microbial extracellular electron transfer (EET) is crucial for microbial energy metabolism and biogeochemical cycles.
  • Nanomaterials offer unique properties that can significantly influence and accelerate EET processes.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to developing novel biotechnological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in using nanomaterials to facilitate microbial EET.
  • To classify nanomaterials based on their functional location within the EET pathway.
  • To discuss synthesis, performance, and mechanisms of nanomaterial-enhanced EET.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of research on nanomaterials and microbial EET.
  • Classification of nanomaterials by their site of action: inside-membrane, interface, inside-biofilm, and interspecies.
  • Analysis of synthesis methods, EET enhancement performance, and underlying mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Nanostructured materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, metals, metal oxides, and polymers exhibit large surface areas, high conductivity, and catalytic activity beneficial for EET.
  • Nanomaterials can be categorized by their role in facilitating EET at different cellular locations.
  • Various nanomaterials have demonstrated significant enhancement of EET performance.

Conclusions:

  • Nanomaterials are highly effective in accelerating microbial EET due to their advantageous properties.
  • Further research into nanomaterial synthesis and mechanisms will drive innovation in EET applications.
  • Nanomaterials hold immense promise for advancing the practical applications of EET in various fields.