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Pulse

Pulse

When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...

Pulse

Pulse

The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls...

What are Estimates?

What are Estimates?

It isn't easy to measure a parameter such as the mean height or the mean weight of a population. So, we draw samples from the population and calculate the mean height or mean weight of the individuals in the sample. This sample data acts as a representative measure of the population parameter. These sample statistics are known as estimates.
The estimate for the mean of a sample is denoted by ͞x, whereas the mean of the population is designated as μ. Further, parameters such...

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...

Regulation of Pulse

Regulation of Pulse

Pulse regulation involves physiological mechanisms that ensure adequate blood flow throughout the body. The heartbeat, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, is influenced by hormonal balance, physical activity, and emotional state.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy

Published on: July 29, 2021

Estimating the vegetation canopy height using micro-pulse photon-counting LiDAR data.

Sheng Nie, Cheng Wang, Xiaohuan Xi

|May 27, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new automated approach effectively estimates vegetation canopy height using photon-counting LiDAR data from the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) mission. This method accurately retrieves canopy heights, crucial for future ecological and topographical studies.

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Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy

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Published on: July 29, 2021

Author Spotlight: Modular Neuronal Networks for Analyzing Brain Functions

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PARbars: Cheap, Easy to Build Ceptometers for Continuous Measurement of Light Interception in Plant Canopies

PARbars: Cheap, Easy to Build Ceptometers for Continuous Measurement of Light Interception in Plant Canopies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Area of Science:

Earth Observation
Remote Sensing
Geospatial Analysis

Background:

The upcoming ICESat-2 satellite will utilize a micro-pulse photon-counting LiDAR system, necessitating new algorithms for vegetation height estimation.
Existing waveform LiDAR data processing methods are not directly applicable to photon-counting data.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate an automated algorithm for accurately estimating vegetation canopy height from photon-counting LiDAR data.
To address the data processing challenges posed by ICESat-2's novel sensor technology.

Main Methods:

A three-step automated approach: noise photon filtering using localized statistical analysis.
Iterative photon classification to separate ground and canopy returns and determine the ground surface.
Generation of canopy-top surface and calculation of vegetation canopy height.

Main Results:

The automated approach demonstrated a strong correlation between estimated and reference vegetation canopy heights (R²: 0.639–0.810).
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values ranged from 4.08 m to 4.56 m, indicating good accuracy.
Validation against airborne discrete-return LiDAR data confirmed the method's efficacy.

Conclusions:

The developed automated approach is suitable for retrieving vegetation canopy height from micro-pulse photon-counting LiDAR data.
This method provides a reliable foundation for processing ICESat-2 vegetation data for ecological and land surface studies.