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From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cortical Circuits.

Marc Astick1, Pierre Vanderhaeghen2

  • 1Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Brussels, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KUL, Leuven, Belgium.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|May 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Human brain evolution and cerebral cortex development are explored using stem cell models. These models help uncover molecular mechanisms and study developmental defects in human corticogenesis.

Keywords:
Cortical evolutionEmbryonic stem cellsHuman cortical developmentIn vitro modelingInduced pluripotent stem cellsNeurodevelopmental disordersNeuronal maturationXenotransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The human cerebral cortex's size and complexity are key to cognitive abilities but poorly understood.
  • Gaps persist in knowledge of molecular mechanisms governing human cortical development.
  • Animal models, genetics, and embryology offer insights but are insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model and mechanistically study conserved and divergent features of human corticogenesis.
  • To investigate molecular mechanisms controlling human brain development.
  • To understand pathological defects in human corticogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to recapitulate corticogenesis in vitro.
  • Employing 2D models, organoids, and xenotransplantation systems.
  • Comparing primate/human corticogenesis with animal models.

Main Results:

  • PSC-based models provide accessible and physiologically relevant systems for studying corticogenesis.
  • These models allow mechanistic investigation of conserved and divergent features.
  • Insights gained into pathological defects from neurogenesis to neuronal maturation.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell-based models are powerful tools for dissecting human brain development.
  • Understanding human corticogenesis is crucial for addressing developmental disorders.
  • Further research using these models will illuminate brain evolution and function.