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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Reproductive Cloning01:27

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

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Epigenetics and MicroRNAs in Pharmacogenetics.

Ulrich M Zanger1, Kathrin Klein2, Nicole Kugler2

  • 1Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)
|May 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Rare genetic variants and epigenetic factors, like microRNAs, significantly influence drug response. Exploring these understudied areas in pharmacogenetics can explain individual variability and identify new drug biomarkers.

Keywords:
BiomarkerDMETDNA modificationEpigeneticInterindividual variabilityMethylationPharmacogeneticsPolymorphismmiR-SNPmiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Germline pharmacogenetics traditionally focuses on common variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMET) genes.
  • Known common variants explain only a fraction of interindividual variability in drug response, indicating a 'missing heritability'.
  • Rare variants and non-genetic factors are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to this variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding genetic and epigenetic contributions to pharmacogenetics.
  • To highlight the role of epigenetic processes and microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating DMET genes.
  • To explore the potential of these factors as novel biomarkers for drug response.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pharmacogenetics, epigenetics, and noncoding RNAs.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the impact of rare variants and epigenetic modifications on drug metabolism and transport.
  • Focus on microRNA-mediated regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters.

Main Results:

  • Common variants in pharmacogenes do not fully account for genetic variability in drug response.
  • Epigenetic modifications and microRNAs represent crucial, largely unexplored regulatory mechanisms for DMET genes.
  • These factors offer potential explanations for 'missing heritability' and can serve as new biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding rare variants, epigenetic processes, and miRNA regulation is essential to fully elucidate interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
  • These unexplored areas hold significant promise for advancing personalized medicine and improving drug efficacy and safety.