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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
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Convenience Sampling Method00:55

Convenience Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is a non-random method of sample selection; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. For example, a marketing...
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Sampling Methods: Overview01:06

Sampling Methods: Overview

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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
In analytical chemistry, the choice of...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
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Stratified Sampling Method01:16

Stratified Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...
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Cluster Sampling Method01:20

Cluster Sampling Method

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Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

A Robust Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Assay for Quantifying Cytosine-guanine-guanine Trinucleotide Repeats in Fragile X Mental Retardation-1 Gene
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Towards robust and repeatable sampling methods in eDNA-based studies.

Ian A Dickie1,2, Stephane Boyer3,4, Hannah L Buckley5

  • 1Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.

Molecular Ecology Resources
|May 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Field sampling methods in environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding studies are often subjective and poorly reported, hindering reproducibility. Standardizing these crucial early steps is vital for accurate biodiversity assessments.

Keywords:
contaminationenvironmental DNAexperimental designmetabarcodingmetadatasampling

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • DNA-based techniques, such as environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, are widely adopted for biodiversity assessment in various ecosystems.
  • Existing reviews predominantly focus on molecular and bioinformatic procedures, overlooking the critical initial phase of field sample collection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the field sampling methodologies employed in terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity metabarcoding studies.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and assess the reproducibility of published eDNA metabarcoding research concerning field sampling.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of field sampling methods was conducted for 75 published terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity metabarcoding studies over approximately three years.
  • Analysis focused on the subjectivity, appropriateness, and completeness of reported field sampling protocols.

Main Results:

  • A significant majority (95%) of the reviewed studies utilized subjective sampling methods, employed inappropriate field techniques, or omitted essential methodological details.
  • Only 5% of the studies provided sufficient information for replication, indicating a lower reproducibility rate compared to general ecological research.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for enhanced attention to field sampling methods and their detailed reporting in eDNA-based biodiversity studies.
  • Developing standardized, objective sampling protocols is essential to ensure robust outcomes, improve reproducibility, and facilitate data integration across studies.