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An ellipse is a fundamental conic section defined by the constant sum of distances from any point on its curve to two fixed points, known as the foci. This geometric property can be physically demonstrated using a pencil, string, and two pins. By anchoring the string at both ends and maintaining it taut with a pencil, one can trace the outline of an ellipse.The shape and extent of the ellipse are determined by its eccentricity, e, defined as the ratio of the distance between the center and a...
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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
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Physiological responses to different neuromuscular movement task during eccentric bench press.

Michal Wilk1, Petr Stastny2, Artur Golas1

  • 1Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland.

Neuro Endocrinology Letters
|May 28, 2018
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Slower eccentric tempos (6/0/2/0) in resistance training increase time under tension, leading to greater hormonal responses like lactate, creatine kinase, and testosterone. This suggests slow eccentric exercise may enhance muscle hypertrophy and stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Muscular hypertrophy is a primary goal of resistance training.
  • Eccentric cadence manipulation can influence hypertrophic stimuli and movement stability.
  • Understanding the physiological impact of different eccentric tempos is crucial for optimizing training protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the physiological responses to slow (6/0/2/0) versus moderate (2/0/2/0) eccentric cadences during bench press.
  • To investigate the acute hormonal and metabolic effects of different eccentric tempos.
  • To assess the impact of eccentric speed on repetitions, time under tension, and muscle damage markers.

Main Methods:

  • Sixteen resistance-trained men performed five sets of bench press to failure at 70% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM).
  • Participants completed both slow (6/0/2/0) and regular (2/0/2/0) eccentric cadence protocols in a randomized crossover design.
  • Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and at 30 and 60 minutes post-exercise.

Main Results:

  • The regular (REG) cadence resulted in more repetitions per set and overall, but the slow (SLOW) cadence yielded greater total time under tension.
  • Post-exercise lactate, creatine kinase, and testosterone levels were significantly higher following the SLOW protocol.
  • Cortisol levels decreased in both protocols, with no significant difference between them.

Conclusions:

  • Intentionally slow eccentric speeds and increased time under tension are effective for elevating acute post-exercise hormonal responses.
  • Despite fewer repetitions, the increased time under tension with slow eccentric tempos may stimulate muscle growth, coordination, and movement stability.
  • Slow eccentric tempos appear to be a potent stimulus for hormonal and neurological adaptations relevant to hypertrophy.