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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
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Secondary IgA nephropathy.

Manish K Saha1, Bruce A Julian2, Jan Novak3

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Kidney International
|May 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, a common kidney disease, often links with other conditions. This review explores common causes and the pathophysiology of secondary IgA nephropathy.

Keywords:
autoimmune diseasesglomerulonephritisinflammatory bowel diseaseliver diseasepost-infectious glomerulonephritis

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the leading cause of primary glomerulonephritis globally.
  • The frequent association of IgA nephropathy with inflammatory, infectious, or malignant conditions suggests a potential pathologic link.
  • Recent advancements have clarified the pathophysiology of primary IgA nephropathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the most common etiologies of secondary IgA nephropathy.
  • To review the current literature on the pathophysiology of secondary IgA nephropathy.
  • To explore whether secondary IgA nephropathy shares common pathways with the primary form or involves distinct mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of the most frequent etiologies for secondary IgA nephropathy.
  • Synthesis of available research on the pathophysiology of secondary IgA nephropathy.
  • Comparative analysis of potential shared versus distinct pathophysiologic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identified key triggers for secondary IgA nephropathy, including infections, inflammatory diseases, and malignancies.
  • Reviewed evidence suggesting diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying secondary IgA nephropathy.
  • Highlighted the need for further research to differentiate pathways in primary versus secondary forms.

Conclusions:

  • Secondary IgA nephropathy arises from various underlying conditions.
  • The pathophysiology of secondary IgA nephropathy may involve distinct mechanisms compared to primary IgA nephropathy.
  • Further investigation is crucial to understand the specific pathways and potential therapeutic targets for secondary IgA nephropathy.