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Related Concept Videos

Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins
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Pre-activation Based Stereoselective Glycosylations.

Bo Yang1, Weizhun Yang1, Sherif Ramadan1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA.

European Journal of Organic Chemistry
|May 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Pre-activation based glycosylation offers unique stereochemical control in synthesizing complex carbohydrates. This method separates donor activation and acceptor addition, optimizing stereoselective glycosidic bond formation for oligosaccharide assembly.

Keywords:
diastereoselectivityglycosidesglycosylationpre-activationsynthesis design

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic organic chemistry
  • Carbohydrate chemistry
  • Glycoscience

Background:

  • Oligosaccharides are vital in biological processes, driving interest in their synthesis.
  • Traditional glycosylation involves simultaneous donor-acceptor presence during promoter addition.
  • Pre-activation based glycosylation offers a distinct approach to oligosaccharide synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the factors influencing stereochemical outcomes in pre-activation based glycosylation.
  • To highlight the advantages of pre-activation strategies for stereoselective glycosidic bond formation.
  • To discuss the application of these methods in constructing complex oligosaccharides.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of pre-activation based glycosylation techniques.
  • Analysis of stereochemical control mechanisms in glycosylation.
  • Discussion of substituent effects, solvent, and additives on stereoselectivity.

Main Results:

  • Pre-activation based glycosylation allows temporal separation of donor activation and acceptor addition.
  • This temporal separation enables enhanced stereochemical control over glycosidic bond formation.
  • Key factors influencing stereoselectivity include glycosyl donor substituents, solvents, and additives.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-activation based glycosylation is a powerful strategy for stereoselective oligosaccharide synthesis.
  • Understanding influencing factors allows for precise control over glycosidic linkage formation.
  • This methodology facilitates the assembly of intricate oligosaccharide structures.