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Related Concept Videos

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

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Only in Silence.

Daniel Eison

    The Hastings Center Report
    |May 29, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Oncology attendings often overwhelm patients with clinical trial information, overshadowing the healing power of silence. This can hinder patient comprehension and ethical considerations in cancer care.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Ethics
    • Oncology
    • Patient Communication

    Background:

    • The oncology floor is characterized by a unique silence, contrasting with other hospital settings.
    • This silence can be both healing and a space for patient comprehension.
    • However, communication practices can disrupt this potentially beneficial silence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the impact of communication styles on oncology patients.
    • To examine the role of silence in patient understanding and fear articulation.
    • To address ethical challenges arising from communication in oncology.

    Main Methods:

    • Qualitative reflection on intern experiences on an oncology floor.
    • Analysis of patient-physician communication dynamics.

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  • Exploration of the concept of "great empty cup of attention" in patient care.

    • Main Results:

    • Attending physicians' communication can be overwhelming, focusing on diagnoses and clinical trials.
    • The rapid delivery of probabilities and adverse reactions can shock and confuse patients.
    • Unspoken elements and the potential for silence to facilitate comprehension are significant.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective communication in oncology requires balancing information delivery with the patient's need for space and comprehension.
    • The ethical implications of communication strategies must be carefully considered.
    • Preserving a "great empty cup of attention" can support patient processing and reduce ethical risks.