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Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Recurrent Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs): A Systematic Review.

Thomas J Sorenson1, Waleed Brinjikji2, Carlo Bortolotti3

  • 1Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

World Neurosurgery
|May 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) recurrence is a risk, especially in children after surgical resection. Early follow-up imaging within one year is crucial for pediatric patients to detect potential AVM regrowth.

Keywords:
Arteriovenous malformationCerebrovascularEndovascularNeurosurgeryRecurrentReviewVascular

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Vascular Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Risk factors for brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) recurrence post-surgery are not well understood.
  • Optimal follow-up imaging strategies for detecting recurrent AVMs are undefined.

Observation:

  • A systematic review analyzed 14 case reports and 16 case series, encompassing 73 patients with recurrent surgically resected AVMs.
  • The average age at initial AVM presentation was 13.8 years, with 90% presenting due to hemorrhage.
  • Recurrence occurred an average of 4.2 years after complete surgical resection.

Findings:

  • The recurrence rate was 2.7% in adults but significantly higher at 9.5% in pediatric cases, reaching nearly 14% in some series.
  • Children represent the primary demographic for AVM recurrence after complete surgical excision.
  • Four pediatric patients (5.5%) experienced a second recurrence after initial AVM regrowth was surgically treated.

Implications:

  • Postoperative imaging within one year is strongly recommended for pediatric patients who have undergone surgical resection of AVMs.
  • This follow-up is essential even when initial imaging confirms complete surgical excision.
  • Understanding recurrence patterns can inform future AVM management strategies, particularly in pediatric populations.