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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Genetics of Speciation02:16

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Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Ampullary carcinoma-A genetic perspective.

Kaavya Jayaramayya1, Vellingiri Balachandar2, Kumaran Sivanandan Santhy1

  • 1Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women - Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India.

Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation Research
|May 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Ampulla of Vater carcinoma (AVC) is a rare cancer. This review details genetic mutations and pathways in AVC, crucial for developing early diagnostic biomarkers and targeted therapies.

Keywords:
Ampulla of vater carcinoma (AVC)BiomarkerMutationPrognosis

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Area of Science:

  • Gastrointestinal Oncology
  • Molecular Pathology

Background:

  • Ampulla of Vater carcinoma (AVC) is a rare gastrointestinal tumor with high mortality.
  • Late diagnosis is common due to subtle symptoms, hindering effective treatment and prognosis.
  • Understanding AVC molecular genetics is vital for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review genetic mutations and associated pathways in AVC.
  • To correlate genetic alterations with patient prognosis.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies on AVC genetic mutations and pathways (1989-2017).
  • Analysis of frequently mutated genes (KRAS, TP53, SMAD4) and altered signaling pathways (PI3K, Wnt, TGF-beta).

Main Results:

  • AVC exhibits complex genetic alterations, including mutations in oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and cell signaling proteins.
  • KRAS, TP53, and SMAD4 are frequently mutated and linked to prognosis.
  • Alterations in PI3K, Wnt, and TGF-beta pathways are observed in AVC.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic profiling of AVC is essential for understanding its pathogenesis.
  • Identified mutations and pathways offer potential for developing early diagnostic biomarkers.
  • This review provides a foundation for discovering novel molecular targets for AVC drug therapy.