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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

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Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
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Random Error01:04

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Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
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Random Variables01:09

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A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Randomized Experiments01:13

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

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What is quantum in quantum randomness?

P Grangier1, A Auffèves2

  • 1Laboratoire Charles Fabry, IOGS, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau, France.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|May 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum randomness, arising from quantization and contextuality, fundamentally differs from classical randomness. This distinction impacts quantum theory

Keywords:
contextualityepistemologyirreversibilityontologyquantizationrandomnessthermodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Thermodynamics
  • Foundations of physics

Background:

  • Distinction between quantum and classical randomness is often asserted but not fully elucidated.
  • The nature of randomness in quantum mechanics, particularly the role of quantization, remains an open question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the unique characteristics of quantum randomness within a contextual objectivity framework.
  • To analyze the interplay between quantum physics and thermodynamics as theories of randomness.
  • To explore novel technological applications of quantum randomness in quantum thermodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a recently proposed ontology for quantum mechanics based on contextual objectivity.
  • Analyzing quantum mechanics and thermodynamics as frameworks for understanding randomness.
  • Investigating emerging technological applications in quantum thermodynamics.

Main Results:

  • Quantum randomness is shown to be a consequence of contextuality and quantization.
  • The proposed framework challenges classical reductionist approaches to understanding the emergence of the classical world.
  • Mutual influences between quantum physics and thermodynamics as theories of randomness are unveiled.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum randomness possesses a distinct ontological nature due to quantization and contextuality.
  • This understanding necessitates a re-evaluation of quantum theory's applications and foundational challenges.
  • Quantum randomness offers new avenues for technological innovation in quantum thermodynamics.