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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
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Activated Electron-Transport Layers for Infrared Quantum Dot Optoelectronics.

Jongmin Choi1, Jea Woong Jo1, F Pelayo García de Arquer1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
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Summary

Researchers developed a novel UV-free electrode for colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells. This new material enhances infrared light harvesting, boosting power conversion efficiency without needing UV activation.

Keywords:
InfraredZnOconductivitydopingquantum dot solar cells

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Photovoltaic (PV) materials like perovskites and silicon do not absorb infrared (IR) light beyond 1100 nm, leading to unharvested solar energy.
  • Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) offer a solution for harvesting this IR spectrum in tandem PV devices.
  • Current high-performance CQD PVs utilize zinc oxide (ZnO) electron-transport layers, but these require UV activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a UV-free electron-transport layer for CQD solar cells.
  • To enable efficient IR light harvesting in tandem PV devices without UV pre-treatment.
  • To improve the performance of CQD-based infrared photovoltaic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel sol-gel UV-free electrode using Al/Cl hybrid doping of ZnO (CAZO).
  • Al heterovalent doping to enhance n-type conductivity of ZnO.
  • Cl surface passivation for improved band alignment and electron extraction.

Main Results:

  • CAZO CQD IR solar cells achieved 73% external quantum efficiency for wavelengths beyond the silicon bandgap.
  • An additional 0.92% IR power conversion efficiency was achieved without UV activation.
  • Conventional ZnO devices showed negligible efficiency gains (<0.01%) under similar conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CAZO electrode effectively harvests IR solar spectrum without UV activation.
  • This advancement facilitates the realization of efficient CQD tandem photovoltaics.
  • CAZO represents a significant improvement over conventional ZnO electrodes for IR PV applications.