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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
Published on: July 15, 2009
Hydroxyapatite coating on titanium endosseous implants for improved osseointegration: Physical and chemical
Magdalena Łukaszewska-Kuska1, Piotr Krawczyk2, Agnieszka Martyla3
1Department of Prosthodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
Background:
For many years, hydroxyapatite (HA) has been used as a bioactive endosseous dental implant coating to improve osseointegration. As such, the coating needs to be of high purity, adequate thickness, crystalline, and of a certain roughness in order to stimulate rapid fixation and form a strong bond between the host bone and the implant. There are a number of ways of preparing the HA coating, resulting in various coating properties. Herein, we report the preparation of the HA coating using a direct electrochemical method without the need for subsequent heat treatment.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of the HP coating, deposited on titanium implants by a modified electrochemical method.
Material And Methods:
The coating was characterized in terms of surface chemical composition, structure, morphology, coating thickness and roughness.
Results:
The coating was found to be composed of homogenous HA with Ca/P and Ca/O ratios of 1.62 and 0.35, respectively. No other forms of calcium phosphate were detected. The degree of crystallinity of HA was 92.4%. The surface roughness was moderate (Sa = 1.04 μm) with the coating thickness of 2-3 μm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a uniform, integrated layer of rod-like HA crystals with the longitudinal axes parallel to the implant surface.
Conclusions:
The coating reported herein was found to have potentially favorable chemical and physical characteristics fostering osseointegration.
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