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Tómas Kristjánsson1, Ian M Thornton2, Árni Kristjánsson1

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Humans can flexibly switch between visual working memory (VWM) categories when tasks demand it, even for complex targets. This suggests VWM flexibility rather than fixed capacity limits, challenging previous theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Human visual foraging behavior shows task-dependent switching patterns.
  • Difficult tasks involve infrequent category switching, while easier tasks show frequent switching.
  • This raises questions about whether switching is limited by visual working memory (VWM) capacity or strategic effort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether visual working memory (VWM) capacity fundamentally limits category switching or if it is a strategic choice.
  • To explore the flexibility of VWM representations in visual exploration tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed visual foraging tasks with either time-limited or unlimited conditions.
  • They tapped stimuli from two target categories while avoiding two distractor categories.
  • Switching frequency and switch-costs were measured under different time constraints.

Main Results:

  • Time limits significantly increased category switching frequency.
  • Switch-costs were substantially reduced under time-limited conditions compared to unlimited conditions.
  • Participants demonstrated the ability to switch between complex (conjunction) target categories when required by the task.

Conclusions:

  • Visual working memory (VWM) representations are flexible and can adapt to task demands.
  • Maintaining multiple complex templates in VWM is effortful but achievable when necessary for task performance.
  • Findings challenge rigid capacity models of VWM and support a more dynamic view of its role in visual exploration.