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Related Concept Videos

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The mechanisms that regulate Vibrio parahaemolyticus virulence gene expression differ between pathotypes.

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  • 11​Biostatistics and Modelling Division, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

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|May 30, 2018
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Summary

Most Vibrio parahaemolyticus are non-pathogenic, but some acquire genomic pathogenicity islands (PAIs). This study reveals bile does not up-regulate virulence genes in canonical strains, suggesting new virulence factors in non-canonical strains warrant investigation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Most Vibrio parahaemolyticus from marine environments are non-pathogenic.
  • Pathogenic strains possess genomic pathogenicity islands (PAIs) encoding toxins like TDH/TRH and T3SS2.
  • Non-canonical V. parahaemolyticus isolates lacking PAIs have been found in clinical settings, prompting research into novel virulence factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differential gene expression in V. parahaemolyticus isolates with varying pathogenic profiles upon exposure to crude bile.
  • To determine if bile acts as a virulence gene expression signal in different V. parahaemolyticus pathotypes.
  • To identify potential novel virulence factors in non-canonical V. parahaemolyticus isolates.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of gene expression in four V. parahaemolyticus isolates: one canonical pathogenic strain (TDH, TRH, T3SS2 positive) and three non-canonical strains (two clinical, one environmental) lacking PAIs.
  • Exposure of isolates to crude bile to assess its effect on virulence gene expression.
  • Differential gene expression analysis to identify up-regulated genes in response to bile.

Main Results:

  • Virulence gene expression was not up-regulated by crude bile in the canonical TDH-positive, TRH-positive V. parahaemolyticus strain.
  • This finding challenges the established understanding of bile as a universal virulence signal in V. parahaemolyticus.
  • Several genes of interest were identified as up-regulated in the non-canonical V. parahaemolyticus pathotypes exposed to bile, suggesting potential novel virulence mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The regulation of virulence genes by bile in V. parahaemolyticus is pathotype-specific and requires further investigation.
  • The current dogma regarding bile-induced virulence gene expression in V. parahaemolyticus needs revision.
  • The identified up-regulated genes in non-canonical isolates represent promising candidates for novel virulence factors contributing to V. parahaemolyticus pathogenesis.