Composite IS1 elements encoding hydroxamate-mediated iron uptake in FIme plasmids from epidemic Salmonella spp

Eleven FIme plasmids representative of those identified in epidemic strains of Salmonella wien and Salmonella typhimurium isolated in North Africa, Europe, and the Middle East have been examined for the presence of determinants of toxigenicity, adherence, and iron-sequestering mechanisms. Chemical and genetic data indicated that all plasmids code for a hydroxamate-mediated iron assimilation system. Detailed analysis of derivative plasmids and cloned fragments of FIme plasmid pZM61 demonstrated that the general genetic and structural organization of the DNA region containing the genes for hydroxamate biosynthesis and cloacin DF13 receptor was virtually identical to that described for the aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system of pColV-K30. This DNA region is part of a composite element that is 16.7 kilobases long and carries its IS1 modules as inverted repeats. A very similar element is present in either orientation in all nine FIme plasmids analyzed.