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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Why Is DNA Double Stranded? The Discovery of DNA Excision Repair Mechanisms.

Bernard S Strauss1

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637 b.strauss@sbcglobal.net bs19@uchicago.edu.

Genetics
|May 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

DNA repair mechanisms ensure genetic stability by correcting errors during replication. These error-correction pathways, crucial for heredity, involve removing damaged DNA sections and synthesizing new ones using the intact strand as a template.

Keywords:
DNA excision repairbase excision repairdouble strandeddouble-strand break repairmismatch repair

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Radiation Biology

Background:

  • Hereditary traits demonstrate genetic material stability.
  • DNA replication mechanisms must account for potential errors like tautomeric shifts.
  • Early molecular biology lacked sufficient error-correction understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Trace the historical development of DNA error correction mechanisms.
  • Highlight the role of DNA's double-stranded structure in repair.
  • Explore the broader biological implications of DNA repair.

Main Methods:

  • Review of early genetic and radiation biology studies.
  • Analysis of DNA repair mechanisms involving excision and synthesis.
  • Examination of mismatch correction studies.

Main Results:

  • DNA repair involves excising damaged sections and template-directed synthesis.
  • Radiation biology significantly contributed to understanding DNA repair.
  • Genetic studies on mismatch correction were initially overlooked by biochemists.

Conclusions:

  • The double-stranded DNA structure is vital for replication fidelity and repair.
  • DNA repair mechanisms maintain genetic stability.
  • DNA repair processes are implicated in genetic diversity, recombination, and immunity.