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The Polyvinyl Alcohol Sponge Model Implantation

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Published on: April 18, 2012

The bioeroding sponge Cliona orientalis will not tolerate future projected ocean warming.

Blake D Ramsby^1,2,3, Mia O Hoogenboom⁴, Hillary A Smith^5,6

¹College of Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. blake.ramsby@my.jcu.edu.au.

Scientific Reports

|May 31, 2018

Summary

Warming oceans and ocean acidification threaten coral reefs. The excavating sponge Cliona orientalis bleaches and loses symbiotic algae at 32°C, impacting reef erosion potential.

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Area of Science:

Marine Biology
Climate Change Science
Ecology

Background:

Coral reefs are threatened by climate change stressors like rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification.
Excavating sponges, such as Cliona spp., play a role in reef bioerosion, a process potentially accelerated by ocean acidification.
The physiological response of bioeroding sponges to projected ocean warming remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the thermal tolerance and physiological response of the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis to increasing sea surface temperatures.
To determine the impact of thermal stress on the symbiotic algae (Symbiodinium) within Cliona orientalis.
To assess the potential long-term effects of ocean warming on the bioerosion capacity of Cliona orientalis.

Main Methods:

Cliona orientalis specimens were exposed to incrementally increasing temperatures from 23°C to 32°C in a laboratory setting.
Bleaching, Symbiodinium density, and energy reserves were measured to assess physiological health.
Recovery from thermal stress was monitored after returning sponges to reduced temperatures.

Main Results:

At 32°C (3°C above the maximum monthly mean), Cliona orientalis exhibited bleaching and compromised Symbiodinium photosynthetic capacity.
The sponges showed limited recovery from thermal stress, with persistent bleaching and reduced energy reserves.
In contrast, Cliona orientalis did not bleach during the 2017 Great Barrier Reef bleaching event when temperatures remained below the 32°C threshold.

Conclusions:

Cliona orientalis can tolerate current temperature extremes but is vulnerable to projected ocean temperatures for 2100 without adaptation.
Increased sea surface temperatures above local thermal thresholds will likely diminish the role of Cliona orientalis in reef erosion.
The findings highlight the sensitivity of key reef builders and bioeroders to climate change, with implications for reef ecosystem function.