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Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...
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Clinical pharmacy in Kuwait: Services provided, perceptions and barriers.

Jacinthe Lemay1, Mohammad Waheedi2, Dalal Al-Taweel2

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ : the Official Publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society
|May 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Clinical pharmacy services in Kuwait are emerging, with over half of pharmacists providing them. Physicians strongly support expanded pharmacist roles, but barriers like lack of policy and time hinder implementation.

Keywords:
BarriersClinical pharmacyImplementationKuwaitPerceptionsServices

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Clinical Pharmacy
  • Healthcare Services

Background:

  • Pharmacy practice has shifted from dispensing to patient-centered care.
  • Clinical pharmacy services are nascent in Kuwait's public hospitals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Document current clinical pharmacy services in Kuwaiti public hospitals.
  • Identify barriers to implementing these services.
  • Assess healthcare professionals' perceptions of clinical pharmacy.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study design.
  • Self-administered questionnaires distributed to 166 pharmacists and 284 physicians.
  • Data collected across 6 public hospitals in Kuwait.

Main Results:

  • Over 50% of pharmacists offer clinical services, primarily drug information and education.
  • Physicians show high receptivity (97%) to expanded pharmacist roles and recognize their value (92%).
  • Key barriers include lack of policy (49%), time constraints (36%), and insufficient clinical skills (28%).

Conclusions:

  • Clinical pharmacy in Kuwait is developing and positively perceived by physicians.
  • Addressing barriers through national frameworks, enhanced education, and professional association support is crucial.
  • Evolving pharmacy practice requires a concerted effort from the Ministry of Health and professional bodies.