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Related Concept Videos

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Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Introduction to Surveying, Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveys01:27

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Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It involves measuring distances, angles in horizontal or vertical directions, and levels to understand the shape and size of land features. Surveying techniques are essential for various tasks, such as identifying the levels of a land area with reference to a specific point, and mapping undulations and water bodies.There are two main types of surveying: plane surveys and geodetic surveys. Plane surveys assume the earth is flat,...
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Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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Errors and Mistakes in Surveying01:19

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Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of...
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Surveys are essential for marking property boundaries near water bodies. Different types of surveys are defined, each with its own function. Land surveys mark the property boundaries, while route surveys determine the position of properties on nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by capturing the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys focus on the shapes of underwater areas and the movement of streams through the properties. Mine surveys determine the relative...
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Survey Safety01:28

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Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...
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A survey on sleep assessment methods.

Vanessa Ibáñez1, Josep Silva2, Omar Cauli3

  • 1Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia, Spain.

Peerj
|May 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Comparing sleep evaluation methods, polysomnography is most accurate, while subjective tools offer unique insights. Combining objective and subjective sleep assessment techniques enhances accuracy and patient perception.

Keywords:
SleepSleep assessmentSleep assessment methodsSleep disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Science and Technology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Digital Health

Background:

  • Accurate sleep evaluation is crucial for diagnosing and managing sleep disorders.
  • A wide array of sleep assessment methods exist, ranging from traditional clinical tools to modern consumer devices.
  • Understanding the strengths and limitations of each method is essential for appropriate clinical application and technological development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and compare current objective and subjective sleep evaluation methods.
  • To analyze the validation studies, sensitivity, and specificity of various sleep assessment techniques.
  • To assess the current market landscape of sleep-related applications and devices, including user feedback.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of sleep assessment methods based on criteria such as objectivity (polysomnography, actigraphy) vs. subjectivity (questionnaires, diaries), and device type (contact vs. contactless).
  • Comparative analysis of validation studies, focusing on reported sensitivity and specificity for each method.
  • Review of the consumer market for sleep apps, incorporating customer opinions and device validation status.

Main Results:

  • A taxonomy of sleep detection methods was established, detailing underlying technologies and their performance based on literature.
  • Accuracy ranking: Questionnaire < Sleep diary < Contactless devices < Contact devices < Polysomnography.
  • Subjective methods show high sensitivity (73%-97.7%) but variable specificity (50%-96%); objective methods like actigraphy have high sensitivity (>90%) but lower specificity.

Conclusions:

  • No single sleep detection method is perfect; combining objective and subjective approaches is recommended for comprehensive sleep assessment.
  • Subjective methods capture patient perception, which is vital and not addressed by objective measures alone.
  • Market analysis reveals gaps, including the need for validation of many hardware devices and clinical study of software applications before widespread use.