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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

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Overview
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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

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Ab Initio Emulsion Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization.

Francesca Lorandi1, Yi Wang1, Marco Fantin1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stable poly(meth)acrylate latexes with controlled molecular weights and architecture were achieved using ab initio emulsion atom-transfer radical polymerization. This method enables scalable production of advanced polymer materials.

Keywords:
colloidscopolymerizationemulsion polymerizationinterfacial catalysissurfactants

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Emulsion polymerization is a key industrial process.
  • Controlling polymer architecture in emulsion systems remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust method for synthesizing well-defined poly(meth)acrylate latexes via emulsion polymerization.
  • To achieve control over molecular weight, distribution, and architecture.

Main Methods:

  • True ab initio emulsion atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was employed.
  • Water-soluble initiators and a hydrophilic Cu/tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine catalyst were used.
  • Catalyst interaction with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) tuned polymerization in hydrophobic particles.

Main Results:

  • Stable latexes with predetermined molecular weights and narrow distributions were obtained.
  • Controlled polymer architectures, including block and gradient copolymers, were synthesized in situ.
  • High solid content (40 vol%) and reaction volumes (100 mL) were achieved, demonstrating scalability.

Conclusions:

  • The developed emulsion ATRP technique offers precise control over polymer synthesis.
  • The method is suitable for industrial integration and scale-up.
  • This approach facilitates the production of advanced functional latex materials.