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Related Concept Videos

Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

149.7K
The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

Phloem and Sugar Transport

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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
08:32

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Published on: January 4, 2018

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Insulin transport into the brain.

Sarah M Gray1, Eugene J Barrett1,2

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia.

American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
|May 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain insulin's precise role remains unclear, with questions about its concentration, local production, and transport across barriers. Further research is needed to understand insulin's impact on brain health and cognitive decline.

Keywords:
blood CSF barrierblood-brain barrierendotheliuminsulininsulin resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Insulin exerts regulatory actions in the brain, but its precise physiology is poorly understood.
  • Key questions remain regarding brain insulin concentration, local synthesis, and transport across barriers.
  • Existing methodologies often overlook the brain's complex fluid dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on brain insulin physiology.
  • To identify critical unanswered questions in the field.
  • To propose a framework for future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and recent studies.
  • Analysis of physiological and genetic studies on brain insulin.
  • Consideration of advances in neuroimaging and brain fluid dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Significant gaps exist in understanding brain insulin concentration and local production.
  • The mechanisms of insulin transport across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers require further elucidation.
  • The role of insulin in regulating amyloid peptides and its connection to cognitive decline are areas needing more investigation.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of brain insulin physiology requires addressing its concentration, local synthesis, and transport.
  • Future studies must integrate knowledge of brain fluid dynamics, neurovascular coupling, and advanced imaging techniques.
  • Clarifying brain insulin's role is crucial for understanding cognitive decline and developing therapeutic strategies.