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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
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Infections: a double-edge sword in autoimmunity.

Oded Shamriz1, Yehuda Shoenfeld2,3

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Infections can both trigger and suppress autoimmune diseases (AID). Understanding these complex interactions, like those involving Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus, is key to developing new AID treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Infections are increasingly recognized as significant factors in the development of autoimmune diseases (AID).
  • Specific bacterial and viral pathogens exhibit a dual role, capable of both initiating and mitigating AID.
  • This complex interplay necessitates a deeper understanding of pathogen-host interactions in autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the dual role of infections in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the mechanisms by which pathogens can induce or inhibit AID.
  • To highlight the implications for therapeutic strategies targeting infections in AID.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on infections and autoimmune diseases.
  • Analysis of studies investigating specific pathogens and their effects on AID.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding the dual role of infectious agents in autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • Identified pathogens like Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, hepatitis B virus, group B Coxsackieviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, and Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as having dual roles in AID.
  • Highlighted that numerous AID, including polyarteritis nodosa, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes, are influenced by infections.
  • Noted that some pathogens, such as group B Coxsackieviruses, can both induce and inhibit the same AID, underscoring the complexity.

Conclusions:

  • Infections play a multifaceted role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
  • Elucidating the specific roles of pathogens in individual AID is crucial for developing targeted treatments.
  • Manipulating these infections offers potential therapeutic avenues for managing autoimmune conditions.