Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers

In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Bridging ancestry gaps in genomic risk prediction with tabular foundation models.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2026

Same author

<b>Lectotype designation for <i>Fowlea yunnanensis</i> (Anderson, 1879) (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae: Natricinae) and the first report of the species from India</b>.

Zootaxa·2026

Same author

<b>Redescription of a poorly known soft scale insect, <i>Pulvinaria ixorae</i> Green (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India, with biological notes and a new distribution record</b>.

Zootaxa·2026

Same author

<b>Designation of a lectotype for <i>Trimeresurus porphyraceus</i> Blyth, 1861 (Reptilia: Viperidae) and its recognition as a junior synonym of <i>Trimeresurus erythrurus</i> (Cantor, 1839)</b>.

Zootaxa·2026

Same author

BRAF Inhibition in Congenital Nevi and Neural Melanosis.

JAMA dermatology·2026

Same author

The impact of international care networks on the clinical management of constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD): a review of recent developments.

Familial cancer·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Published on: July 18, 2014

Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis by Nanostructured Mixed-Metal Oxides.

Xiang-Kui Gu¹, Juliana S A Carneiro¹, Samji Samira¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|May 31, 2018

Summary

Researchers developed design principles for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis using mixed-metal oxides. Nanostructured cobalt-doped lanthanum nickelate oxide shows high activity and stability for oxygen reduction reactions in fuel cells.

More Related Videos

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Published on: July 18, 2014

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Conversion and Storage

Background:

Oxygen electrocatalysis is crucial for energy systems, but optimal catalysts remain elusive.
Nonstoichiometric, mixed-metal oxides offer tunable surfaces and fast oxygen conductivity.
Layered Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) oxides are promising for oxygen electrocatalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop design principles for engineering oxygen electrocatalysis in R-P oxides.
To identify efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
To enhance solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance using novel catalysts.

Main Methods:

Combined theoretical (density functional theory - DFT) and experimental studies.
Utilized DFT-derived descriptor: O2 binding energy on surface oxygen vacancy.
Employed controlled synthesis for nanostructured R-P oxides and validated with thermochemical/electrochemical studies.

Main Results:

DFT descriptor effectively identified efficient R-P oxide structures for ORR.
Nanostructured Co-doped lanthanum nickelate oxide demonstrated high ORR activity.
Incorporation into SOFC cathodes significantly enhanced performance at intermediate temperatures (550 °C) with long-term stability.

Conclusions:

Developed design principles effectively engineer mixed ionic-electronic conducting oxides for oxygen electrocatalysis.
Nanostructured Co-doped lanthanum nickelate oxide is a highly promising catalyst for oxygen electrocatalysis.
Findings advance the design of efficient electrocatalysts for energy applications.