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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves01:22

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The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
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Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive...
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When infrared radiation is passed through a molecule, absorption occurs if the molecule's vibration leads to a substantial change in its bond dipole moment. Transitions between vibrational energy levels, typically corresponding to infrared frequencies (4000–400 cm−1), allow absorption if the vibration significantly alters the dipole moment, making the molecule infrared active. The molecular bonds have different stretching and bending vibrations, resulting in various peaks with...
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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Method for Recovering Lost Ultrasonic Information Using the Echo-intensity Mean.

Sara Bahramian1, Craig K Abbey2, Michael F Insana1

  • 11 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.

Ultrasonic Imaging
|June 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

High-resolution ultrasound imaging can be improved by recovering lost spatial frequency information during signal processing. This technique enhances the visibility of small, high-contrast reflectors like microcalcifications in B-mode images.

Keywords:
complement intensity imageintensity statisticsmicrocalcificationsultrasonic image scienceultrasound display

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Area of Science:

  • Ultrasound physics
  • Medical imaging
  • Signal processing

Background:

  • B-mode ultrasound image axial resolution is limited by pulse envelope bandwidth.
  • High-resolution information originates from tissue impedance variance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the source of axial resolution limitations in B-mode imaging.
  • Analyze information transfer from tissue impedance variance to the echo-intensity signal.
  • Identify methods to recover lost high-resolution information.

Main Methods:

  • Expressed echo-intensity signal mean and variance as a linear system.
  • Tracked information flow through the image-formation chain.
  • Utilized software phantoms for ideal condition simulations.

Main Results:

  • Demodulation process identified as a cause of high spatial-frequency information loss.
  • A simple signal processing modification can recover lost information.
  • Enhanced detection of small, high-contrast reflectors like microcalcifications was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Demodulation in B-mode imaging discards crucial high-frequency information.
  • Minor signal processing adjustments can significantly improve axial resolution.
  • The proposed method enhances the visualization of microcalcifications and similar structures.