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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
10:50

Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas

Published on: July 20, 2014

13.4K

Maxillary sinus schwannoma.

Bader Mohammed Alim1, Mohammed Jomah1, Majid Al-Thobaiti2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

BMJ Case Reports
|June 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare sinonasal schwannoma, a benign tumor of Schwann cells, presented as cheek swelling and nasal obstruction. Surgical excision via endoscopic and Caldwell-Luc approaches successfully removed the Antoni A schwannoma.

Keywords:
ear, nose and throat/otolaryngologyhead and neck surgerynasal polypsotolaryngology / ent

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Schwannomas (neurilemmomas) are benign tumors originating from Schwann cells of peripheral nerves.
  • Sinonasal tract schwannomas are exceptionally rare, posing diagnostic and surgical challenges.

Observation:

  • A 28-year-old male presented with a year of left cheek swelling and nasal obstruction.
  • Endoscopic examination and CT revealed a mass in the left maxillary antrum extending to the orbit and ethmoid air cells.

Findings:

  • The sinonasal mass was surgically excised using an endoscopic endonasal approach and Caldwell-Luc procedure.
  • Histopathological examination confirmed a benign Antoni A schwannoma.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering schwannoma in the differential diagnosis of sinonasal masses.
  • Successful surgical management of sinonasal schwannoma can be achieved through combined endoscopic and open approaches.