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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy
Published on: August 14, 2012
The Colorful Palette of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in the Genitourinary Tract
Boglárka Pósfai1, Levente Kuthi2, Linda Varga1
1Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
Background:
Neuroendocrine neoplasms include a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors. Primary neuroendocrine tumors in the genitourinary tract are rare, comprising approximately 1-2% of genitourinary malignancies.
Materials And Methods:
An extensive search was performed for publications between 2000 and 2018 regarding neuroendocrine tumors of the genitourinary tract. Epidemiological, clinical, histopathological, prognostic and therapeutic data were evaluated.
Results:
Neuroendocrine tumors of the kidneys are exceedingly rare, mostly well-differentiated. 0.5-1% of all primary bladder malignancies are small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Characteristically, prostatic adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation occurs in androgen receptor-independent/castrate-resistant cancer. Small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are the most aggressive tumors in each location.
Conclusion:
Due to the rarity and poor prognosis of these tumors, proper pathological diagnosis and early therapy are important. Therapeutic guidelines are not available. Surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are possible treatment options; somatostatin analogs are used as standard therapy in case of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors.
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