[Investigation of Virulence Factors by "Omics" Approaches]

Aspergillus fumigatus is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for life-threatening systemic infections in humans. Recently developed high-throughput whole genome sequencing (WGS) and RNA-Seq technologies have proven to be powerful tools for systematically investigating pathogenic organisms. In this review, we present new virulence factors obtained through our "omics" researches on A. fumigatus.　We first sequenced genomes of A. fumigatus stains isolated from one infected patient at different time points, and made an important finding that although the genome (microsatellites) type of the infected strain remained unchanged, the strain exhibited several genetic changes, including acquiring therapeutic drug resistance, during patient treatment for 1.5 years.　Of the various presentations of aspergillosis, pulmonary aspergilloma (PA) is one of the most common forms of A. fumigatus infection, where fungus balls are composed of fungal hyphae, inflammatory cells, fibrin, mucus, and tissue debris. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA), also known as semi-invasive or invasive aspergillosis, is locally invasive and predominantly seen in patients with mild immunodeficiency or with a chronic lung disease. We compared genomes of strains individually isolated from eight PA and eight CNPA patients in Japan, and found that the PA and CNPA strains show indiscernible genetic and ancestral backgrounds as far as genomic SNPs of the strains are concerned.　The main route of infections caused by A. fumigatus is via inhalation of conidia. Inhaled conidia rapidly adhere to pulmonary epithelial cells. Nevertheless, little is known of the molecular mechanism of adherence in A. fumigatus resting conidia. We assumed corresponding adhesion molecules were highly expressed in high-adhesion conidia during conidia maturation, and exhaustively searched adhesion molecules by comparing gene expression levels in high- and low-adherence strains using the RNA-Seq technique. We found several factors involved in conidial adhesion and suggest that composite actions of these molecules have roles in conidial adhesion to human pulmonary epithelial cells.