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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
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Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
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Convenience Sampling Method00:55

Convenience Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is a non-random method of sample selection; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. For example, a marketing...
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Sampling Methods: Overview01:06

Sampling Methods: Overview

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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
In analytical chemistry, the choice of...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

13.4K
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
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Stratified Sampling Method01:16

Stratified Sampling Method

15.5K
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment
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Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

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A Rapid, Accurate, Single Molecule Counting Method Detects Clostridium difficile Toxin B in Stool Samples.

Sadanand Gite1, Destiny Archambault2, Michael P Cappillino2

  • 1First Light Biosciences, 1 Oak Park Drive, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA. sadanand@firstlightbio.com.

Scientific Reports
|June 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new digital imaging technology enables rapid counting of single molecules, leading to a fast and accurate test for Clostridium difficile toxin B. This test addresses the critical need for sensitive and specific diagnostics for C. difficile infections (CDI).

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A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Infectious Disease Diagnostics
  • Molecular Imaging

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are potentially fatal, yet current diagnostic tests lack speed, sensitivity, and specificity.
  • Toxin B is the primary cause of pathology in C. difficile infections.
  • There is a significant unmet need for rapid, accurate, and easy-to-use diagnostic tools for CDI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel digital imaging immunoassay technology for counting single target molecules.
  • To develop and validate a rapid diagnostic test for Clostridium difficile toxin B using this new technology.
  • To evaluate the performance characteristics and clinical accuracy of the developed test.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a digital imaging immunoassay capable of counting single target molecules without magnification.
  • Created the MultiPath C. difficile toxin B test, which images and counts magnetic and fluorescent particles tethered by toxin B.
  • Assessed performance metrics including limit of detection, dynamic range, coefficient of variation, and cross-reactivity using clinical stool samples.

Main Results:

  • The MultiPath C. difficile toxin B test demonstrated a limit of detection of 45 pg/mL and a coefficient of variation <10%.
  • The test showed high sensitivity (97.0%), specificity (98.3%), and accuracy (98.2%) compared to the CCNA reference method on 320 clinical samples.
  • It detected all tested toxinotypes and ribotypes, exhibited no cross-reactivity, and was robust to common stool interferents.

Conclusions:

  • The MultiPath technology provides a rapid (30-minute) and accurate method for detecting Clostridium difficile toxin B.
  • This novel immunoassay addresses the critical need for sensitive, specific, and easy-to-use diagnostics for C. difficile infections.
  • The technology holds promise for improving the management and outcomes of CDI patients.