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Why are triploid zebrafish all male?

Thomas A Delomas1, Konrad Dabrowski1

  • 1School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Molecular Reproduction and Development
|June 1, 2018
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Triploid zebrafish (3n) develop as all males, with oocyte development arrested at the primary growth stage. This sex reversal occurs downstream of estrogen synthesis, indicating triploidy induces male development in zebrafish.

Keywords:
polyploidsex determinationsex differentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Aquaculture

Background:

  • Triploid organisms possess three sets of chromosomes.
  • Adult triploid zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been anecdotally reported as all male.
  • This sex determination phenomenon is rare in fish, observed previously only in Rhodeus ocellatus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism behind the all-male development in triploid zebrafish.
  • To determine if triploidy influences sex differentiation pathways.
  • To analyze the reproductive capabilities and offspring ploidy of triploid male zebrafish.

Main Methods:

  • Production of triploid zebrafish through induced polyploidy.
  • Histological examination of juvenile and adult triploid gonads.
  • Spawning trials comparing triploid males with diploid males.
  • Exposure of triploid and diploid zebrafish to estradiol (E2) during early development.

Main Results:

  • All examined adult triploid zebrafish (n=160) were male.
  • Triploid males produced aneuploid spermatozoa, leading to aneuploid embryos.
  • Estradiol treatment induced female development in diploids but not in triploids.
  • Oocyte development in triploids was arrested at the primary growth stage.

Conclusions:

  • Triploidy induces male development in zebrafish, overriding genetic or hormonal sex determination.
  • The mechanism involves the inhibition of oocyte development beyond the primary growth stage.
  • Triploidy acts downstream of estrogen synthesis in the sex differentiation pathway.