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Gene Conversion02:08

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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This lesson delves into the conversion of alcohols to corresponding alkyl halides and the mechanism of action for different reagents. Typically, the hydroxyl group is first protonated to convert it to a stable leaving group. Consequently, based on the starting alcohol, the mechanism undergoes either of the nucleophilic substitution routes, SN1 or SN2. Tertiary alkyl halides are made using the two-step SN1 mechanism that occurs via a carbocation intermediate, which is stabilized by...
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Conversion Disorder.

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    Conversion disorder, a condition affecting up to 20% of patients, has updated diagnostic criteria and a declining misdiagnosis rate. Advances in neuroimaging and treatments like cognitive-behavioral therapy offer new insights and hope.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Psychiatry
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Conversion disorder symptoms are prevalent in neurological and psychiatric settings, affecting up to 20% of patients.
    • The full syndrome is less common but associated with guarded prognosis and psychosocial challenges.
    • Etiology remains uncertain, but neuroscience advances provide new insights.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of conversion disorder.
    • To cover diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, neuroimaging, outcomes, and treatment.
    • To highlight recent changes in diagnostic criteria and emerging therapeutic approaches.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of diagnostic criteria changes in the DSM-5.
    • Analysis of outcome studies on misdiagnosis rates.
    • Summary of functional neuroimaging findings.
    • Evaluation of treatment options including cognitive-behavioral therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

    Main Results:

    • DSM-5 criteria for conversion disorder have been revised, removing requirements for involuntary symptoms and recent stressors.
    • Misdiagnosis rates have significantly decreased to approximately 4%.
    • Neuroimaging shows consistent hypoactivation in relevant brain regions and associated limbic/basal ganglia activation.
    • Cognitive-behavioral therapy shows promise, with preliminary evidence supporting repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

    Conclusions:

    • Conversion disorder diagnosis is becoming more confident, necessitating prompt treatment.
    • Symptom duration is a critical factor influencing patient outcomes.
    • While etiology is still being explored, updated diagnostics and promising treatments like CBT offer improved management strategies.