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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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CRISPR Epigenome Editing in Human Cells using Plasmid DNA Transfection and mRNA Nucleofection Delivery
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Editing the Epigenome: Reshaping the Genomic Landscape.

Liad Holtzman1, Charles A Gersbach1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA; email: liad.holtzman@duke.edu , charles.gersbach@duke.edu.

Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
|June 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Epigenome editing precisely modifies DNA methylation and histone marks to control cell identity. This technology offers new avenues for understanding gene regulation and developing epigenetic therapies.

Keywords:
CRISPRDNA bindingchromatinepigenetic therapyepigeneticsepigenome editingepigenomicsgene regulationgene therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The eukaryotic epigenome is crucial for cell identity and function.
  • Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation and histone alterations regulate gene expression.
  • Dysregulation of epigenetic components is linked to various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current epigenome editing technologies and their applications.
  • To explore the relationship between epigenetic components and gene regulation.
  • To highlight the potential and challenges of epigenome editing for research and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing recent advancements in genome engineering for locus-specific epigenome modification.
  • Analyzing studies on the functional impact of targeted epigenetic changes.
  • Reviewing diverse epigenome editing platforms.

Main Results:

  • Genome engineering tools enable precise deposition of epigenetic changes.
  • Epigenome editing platforms are advancing our understanding of gene regulation.
  • These technologies show promise for therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenome editing holds significant potential for understanding epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Applications include advancing epigenetic therapy and regenerative medicine.
  • Further research is needed to address caveats and fully realize the promises of this field.