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Advanced ultrasound for prenatal interventions
Katika Nawapun1, Nisarat Phithakwatchara1, Suparat Jaingam1
1Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
Real-time 3D ultrasound (4DUS) aids in guiding prenatal interventions by visualizing needle placement. Its effectiveness for less-experienced operators in fetal surgery requires further study.
Area of Science:
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Medical Imaging
- Fetal Medicine
Background:
- Ultrasound is essential for prenatal interventions.
- Doppler and 3D ultrasound (3DUS) aid in surgical decisions.
- Operator experience is key to minimizing procedure risks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the role of real-time 3D ultrasound (4DUS) in guiding invasive prenatal procedures.
- To assess the potential benefits of 4DUS for operators with varying experience levels.
Main Methods:
- Utilized real-time 3D ultrasound (4DUS) for simultaneous multi-planar needle visualization.
- Compared 4DUS guidance with traditional B-mode ultrasound.
- Considered advancements in needle, shunt, and endoscopic technologies.
Main Results:
- 4DUS allows simultaneous display of needle tip in three orthogonal planes.
- In experienced hands, 4DUS effectiveness may be comparable to B-mode.
- The benefit for less-experienced operators is yet to be determined.
Conclusions:
- 4DUS offers enhanced visualization during invasive obstetric procedures.
- Further research is needed to confirm 4DUS benefits for novice operators.
- Future ultrasound technology may further improve image-guided fetal interventions.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

